Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is a rare, chronic skin condition that falls under the umbrella of lichen planus disorders. It primarily affects people with darker skin types and is characterized by the development of dark-colored, flat patches on the skin.These are group of flat flat topped inflammatory erythematous or purplish papules showing a crisscross appearances of the surface often seen on the flexor surface of the skin with symmetric distribution along with lacy lesion of buccal mucesa. In this article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for Lichen Planus Pigmentosus to help you better understand this condition.
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is a rare, chronic skin condition that falls under the umbrella of lichen planus disorders. It primarily affects people with darker skin types and is characterized by the development of dark-colored, flat patches on the skin.These are group of flat flat topped inflammatory erythematous or purplish papules showing a crisscross appearances of the surface often seen on the flexor surface of the skin with symmetric distribution along with lacy lesion of buccal mucesa. In this article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for Lichen Planus Pigmentosus to help you better understand this condition.
1. What is Lichen Planus Pigmentosus?
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus, also known as Lichen Planus Pigmentosus-inversus or Lichenoid Melanodermatitis, is a pigmentary disorder of the skin. It is non-contagious and typically affects areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and forearms. Lichen Planus Pigmentosus can affect individuals of various age groups. However, it is more commonly observed in adults, typically between the ages of 30 and 60. It can occur in both men and women and is more prevalent in people with darker skin types, such as those of South Asian, Middle Eastern, and Latin American descent. While it is less common in children and the elderly, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus can still occur in individuals outside the typical age range.
The lesion first appears on the flexor aspect of upper or lower limbs, over th axillae and on the abdomen , forearms, wrists, legs, genitalia and on the face symmetrically. The typical lesion consists of polygonal and pleomorphic papules which are very small (1-4mm) at the outset but gradually become of the size of a pea with a violet colour. Papules may enlarge with clearing of the centre called “Wickhan’s striae“ and the characteristic shiny waxy appearance may also be seen. The mucous membrane is involved in about 25% of cases. The tongue , lips , penis, vulva, vagina or genital area male and female both may also be involved. In these sites bluish whites patches are seen. Moderate to service itching is always present. Mucosal Lichen Planus has been reported in conjunctiva , larynx, GI tract including anorectal region and genitalia. A special form of erosive lichen planus is seen on palms and soles which is very much disabling. Rarely the hair and nails are also can be affected.
2. What Causes Lichen Planus Pigmentosus?
The exact cause of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus is still unknown, but various factors may contribute to its development. Noerbous and mental tension or trauma may predispose. In association with myasthenia gravis with thymoma, graft versus host disease , hepatitis C, drugs like Sulphonamides, Quinacrine, Antimony lichen planus like lesion is seen . This has been seen after exposure to colour film developing solution.
2.1 Genetics Predisposition:
There may be a genetic predisposition, as LPP tends to run in families.
2.2 Autoimmune Reactions :
Like lichen planus, LPP is thought to have an autoimmune component, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells.
2.3 Environmental Triggers:
Certain environmental factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals or allergens, might trigger the onset of LPP in susceptible individuals.
2.4 Viral Infections:
Some studies have suggested a possible link between LPP and certain viral infections, although more research is needed to establish a definitive connection.
2.5 Hormonal imbalances :
hormonal imbalances are believed to be one of the potential causes of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP). While the exact cause of LPP is not fully understood, it is thought that changes in hormone levels may play a role in triggering or exacerbating the condition.
Hormonal imbalances can occur due to various factors, such as changes during pregnancy, menopause, or fluctuations in hormonal levels related to certain medical conditions. These imbalances may lead to an altered immune response, which can contribute to the development of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus.
However, it’s essential to note that hormonal imbalances are just one of several factors that may be associated with LPP. The condition is likely to have a multifactorial origin, involving a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune system abnormalities.
2.6 Chronic sun exposure :
Chronic sun exposure is considered to be one of the potential causes of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP). Prolonged and repeated exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays can lead to skin damage and trigger inflammatory responses in susceptible individuals, potentially leading to the development of LPP.
UV rays can damage the skin’s DNA and activate the immune system, causing an abnormal immune response. In individuals with a genetic predisposition to Lichen Planus Pigmentosus, this aberrant immune response may manifest as the characteristic dark brown to gray-brown patches on the skin.
It’s important to note that while chronic sun exposure may be a contributing factor, the exact cause of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus is not fully understood. The condition is likely to result from a combination of genetic factors, immune system abnormalities, and environmental triggers, of which chronic sun exposure can be one.
3. Identifying the Symptoms of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus
LPP primarily affects sun-exposed areas, and its symptoms can vary from person to person. The following are common signs of the condition: If you have any symptoms of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus, talk with your doctor. You may need to see a dermatologist for the most effective care.
3.1 Hyper pigmented Patches:
Dark, brown or grayish patches appear on the skin, especially on the face, neck, forearms, and legs.
3.2 Itching and Discomfort:
The affected areas may experience itching and discomfort, leading to scratching and potential skin damage.
3.3 Symmetrical Distribution:
LPP often presents bilaterally, with the affected patches appearing in a symmetrical pattern.
Border less Edges: The edges of the patches are usually ill-defined, blending into the surrounding skin.
4. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosing Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history review, and sometimes, additional tests. Here’s an overview of the testing process for LPP:
4.1 Clinical Examination:
A dermatologist will conduct a thorough examination of the affected skin areas. They will look for characteristic features of LPP, such as dark-colored, flat patches with well-defined borders.
4.2 Medical History:
The dermatologist will ask about your medical history, including any symptoms you may have experienced, the duration of the condition, and any potential triggers or exposures that might be relevant.
4.3 Skin Biopsy:
In some cases, a skin biopsy may be performed. During a skin biopsy, a small sample of the affected skin is taken and examined under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus and rule out other skin conditions with similar symptoms.
4.4 Differential Diagnosis:
LPP can sometimes be mistaken for other skin conditions, such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, or other types of lichen planus. The dermatologist will consider these possibilities and rule out other potential causes through the examination and test results.
4.5 Phototesting:
In rare instances, phototesting may be performed to determine if the condition worsens or improves with exposure to specific wavelengths of light.
It’s essential to consult with a qualified dermatologist or healthcare professional if you suspect you have LPP or experience any concerning skin changes. Early diagnosis and proper management are crucial for effectively addressing Lichen Planus Pigmentosus and reducing its impact on your skin and well-being.
5. Effective Treatment Approaches for Lichen Planus Pigmentosus
While there is no definitive cure for LPP, several treatment options aim to manage its symptoms and improve the appearance of the skin:
5.1 Topical Corticosteroids:
Mild to moderate cases of LPP can often be managed with topical corticosteroids, which help reduce inflammation and itching. Some cases systemic steroids may be given when itching is intense or when scalp, vagina or oral cavity are affected. Some times penicillin can give dramatic result so experienced dermatologist can use the medicine.
5.2 Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors:
These immunosuppressive creams are an alternative to corticosteroids for managing LPP, particularly in sensitive areas like the face. Tretinoin cream (0.05%) may be helpful for mucous membrane followed by steroid oinment.
5.3 Phototherapy:
Light-based therapies, such as narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) and psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA), have shown promise in treating LPP.
5.4 Oral Medications:
In severe cases, oral medications like systemic corticosteroids or retinoids may be prescribed, but they require close monitoring due to potential side effects.
5.5 Chemical Peels:
Superficial chemical peels can be used to lighten hyper pigmented patches and improve skin texture.
Please do not take any procedure above mention tips without doctor’s advice, because it can causes side effects and other harm.
6. Preventing Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Flare-Ups
If Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) occurs, it’s essential to be careful and take certain precautions to manage the condition effectively and prevent potential complications. Here are some important things to be careful about if Lichen Planus Pigmentosus occurs:
6.1 Avoid Triggers:
Identify and avoid potential triggers that may exacerbate LPP symptoms. These triggers can vary from person to person and may include certain cosmetics, skin irritants, or allergens.
6.2 Sun Protection:
Protect your skin from excessive sun exposure. Wear protective clothing, such as long sleeves and hats, and use broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF on exposed areas. Chronic sun exposure can worsen LPP symptoms.
6.3 Skincare:
Practice good skincare hygiene. Keep the affected areas clean and moisturized to prevent irritation and promote healing.
6.4 Avoid Scratching:
Refrain from scratching or picking at the affected skin. Scratching can worsen the condition and may lead to complications or scarring.
6.5 Regular Medical Check-ups:
Schedule regular check-ups with a dermatologist or healthcare professional to monitor the condition’s progress and ensure appropriate management.
6.6 Follow Medical Advice:
Adhere to the prescribed treatment plan recommended by your dermatologist. This may include using topical medications, oral medications, or other therapies to manage LPP.
6.7 Monitor for Changes:
Keep an eye on any changes in your skin or the appearance of new patches. If you notice any concerning developments, inform your dermatologist promptly.
6.8 Manage Stress:
Stress can potentially trigger or worsen LPP symptoms. Engage in stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, or hobbies to manage stress levels.
6.9 Emotional Support:
Seek emotional support from family, friends, or support groups. Living with a chronic skin condition can be challenging, and having a support system can help you cope better.
6.10 Be Patient:
LPP can have periods of remission and flare-ups. Be patient with the management process and continue following your healthcare professional’s guidance.
6.11 Avoid Self-treatment:
Avoid self-treatment or trying unverified remedies without consulting a healthcare professional. Using unproven treatments may worsen the condition or cause side effects.
6.12 Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle:
Adopt a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep to support overall well-being.
6.13 Avoid Smoking and Alcohol:
Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can have a negative impact on the skin and may worsen LPP symptoms. Avoid or minimize these habits.
Remember, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus is a complex skin condition, and its management requires individualized care. Always seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional or dermatologist to develop a personalized treatment plan based on your specific needs and the severity of your condition.
7. Can Lichen Planus cause death ?
As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is not known to cause death. LPP is a chronic skin condition that primarily affects the appearance of the skin by causing dark-colored patches. While it can be distressing and affect the quality of life for some individuals, it is not considered a life-threatening condition.
LPP is generally a benign skin disorder, and its impact is primarily on the cosmetic aspect of the skin. However, it’s essential to note that Lichen Planus Pigmentosus can be associated with psychological distress, especially if the affected areas are highly visible, leading to concerns about appearance and self-esteem.
While LPP itself does not pose a risk to life, if you have any concerns about changes in your skin or experience discomfort, it’s essential to seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional or dermatologist for proper evaluation and management. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help alleviate symptoms and improve the overall well-being of individuals affected by Lichen Planus Pigmentosus.
8. Can Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Curable disease ?
As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is considered a chronic condition, and there is no known cure for it. Like other forms of Lichen Planus, LPP is a long-term skin disorder that can go through periods of remission and flare-ups.
While there is no cure, medical treatments and lifestyle modifications can help manage the symptoms and improve the appearance of the affected skin. Topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and retinoids are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation and hyper pigmentation in LPP. In more severe cases, systemic corticosteroids or phototherapy may be considered.
It’s essential to work with a dermatologist or qualified healthcare professional to develop an individualized treatment plan tailored to your specific case. Additionally, adopting preventive measures, such as protecting your skin from excessive sun exposure and avoiding potential triggers, can help manage Lichen Planus Pigmentosus.
Keep in mind that medical research and advancements are ongoing, and there may be new treatment options or developments in the future. If you have Lichen Planus Pigmentosus or suspect you may have it, seeking professional advice and following prescribed treatments can help you manage the condition effectively.
9. How to manage or live with our family members with the Lichen Planus Pigmentosus ?
Living with a family member who has Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) requires understanding, support, and empathy. Here are some ways to manage and support your family member with LPP:
9.1 Educate Yourself:
Learn about Lichen Planus Pigmentosus to understand the condition better. This will help you comprehend the challenges your family member is facing and how you can provide support.
9.2 Be Empathetic:
LPP can be distressing for your family member, both physically and emotionally. Offer empathy and be understanding of their feelings and experiences.
9.3 Encourage Medical Care:
Encourage your family member to seek medical care and follow their dermatologist’s advice. Offer to accompany them to appointments if needed.
9.4 Provide Emotional Support:
Offer a listening ear and emotional support. Let your family member express their feelings and concerns about the condition without judgment.
9.5 Assist with Skincare:
Help your family member with their skincare routine, especially if they have patches in hard-to-reach areas. Encourage them to keep the affected areas clean and moisturized.
9.6 Create a Comfortable Environment:
Ensure that the living environment is comfortable and free from potential triggers or irritants that may worsen LPP symptoms.
9.7 Help with Sun Protection:
Remind your family member to protect their skin from sun exposure by wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen. Offer to apply sunscreen on their back or areas they cannot reach.
9.8 Encourage Stress Management:
Stress can exacerbate LPP symptoms. Encourage your family member to engage in stress-relieving activities and offer support during stressful times.
9.9 Be Patient and Understanding:
LPP can be unpredictable, with periods of remission and flare-ups. Be patient during times when symptoms may worsen, and understand that your family member may need extra support during these times.
9.10 Assist with Daily Tasks:
Offer to help with daily tasks, especially if the condition affects their mobility or causes discomfort.
9.11 Engage in Positive Activities Together:
Encourage your family member to participate in enjoyable activities together. Doing things they love can help take their mind off the condition and boost their mood.
9.12 Be Positive and Encouraging:
Stay positive and offer encouragement as they manage their condition. Celebrate their successes in coping with LPP.
9.13 Join Support Groups:
Look for local or online support groups for individuals with Lichen Planus Pigmentosus and their families. Connecting with others facing similar challenges can be beneficial.
9.14 Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle:
Adopt a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep to support overall well-being.
9.15 Advocate for Their Needs:
Advocate for your family member’s needs, whether it’s in healthcare settings or within the family. Ensure they have access to appropriate medical care and understanding from others.
Remember that everyone’s experience with Lichen Planus Pigmentosus is unique, and the support you provide should be tailored to your family member’s specific needs and preferences. By being understanding, supportive, and proactive, you can make a positive difference in their journey of living with LPP.
10. What foods should I avoid with lichen planus?
While there is no specific diet that is proven to cure or directly treat Lichen Planus, some individuals with Lichen Planus may find that certain foods can trigger or worsen their symptoms. It’s important to note that the effect of foods can vary from person to person, and not everyone with Lichen Planus will have the same food triggers. If you suspect certain foods may be affecting your Lichen Planus, consider keeping a food diary to track any potential associations.
Here are some common foods that some individuals with Lichen Planus might consider avoiding or limiting:
10.1 Spicy Foods:
Spices like chili peppers, hot sauce, and curry can potentially trigger or exacerbate inflammation in some people.
10.2 Acidic Foods:
Citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, etc.), tomatoes, and acidic drinks like orange juice may irritate the mouth and mucous membranes in some individuals.
10.3 Tomatoes:
Some people with Lichen Planus may experience flare-ups after consuming tomatoes or tomato-based products.
10.4 Hot Beverages:
Hot tea, coffee, or other hot beverages can sometimes worsen Lichen Planus symptoms for some individuals.
10.5 Alcohol:
Excessive alcohol consumption can potentially worsen skin conditions, including Lichen Planus, in some people.
10.6 Processed Foods:
Highly processed and sugary foods may contribute to inflammation and worsen symptoms for certain individuals.
10.7 Allergenic Foods:
Pay attention to any food allergies you might have. In some cases, food allergies could potentially trigger or worsen Lichen Planus.
10.8 Dairy Products:
Some people may find that dairy products, such as milk and cheese, can trigger inflammation or exacerbate their symptoms.
It’s important to remember that not all individuals with Lichen Planus will be affected by these foods, and it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian for personalized dietary advice. A balanced and healthy diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, is generally recommended for overall well-being and skin health. Keeping a food diary and noting any changes in symptoms can help you identify any potential food triggers and make informed decisions about your diet.
11. FAQs: Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about lichen planus
No, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus is not contagious and cannot be transmitted from one person to another.
While some natural remedies like aloe vera and turmeric may help, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional before trying them.
There is no direct evidence linking LPP to skin cancer. However, if you notice any changes in the appearance of the patches or new lesions, consult a dermatologist promptly.
While LPP is more commonly seen in individuals with darker skin types, it can affect people of all ethnicities.
12. Conclusion
Lichen planus pigmentosus is a challenging skin condition that requires proper understanding and management. While a cure remains elusive, advancements in medical science have provided various treatment options to alleviate its symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected. If you suspect you have LPP or notice any unusual changes in your skin, seek the expertise of a dermatologist for a proper evaluation and personalized treatment plan.
13. Disclaimer
The information provided in this response is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered as medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or dermatologist or other qualified healthcare providers with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read in this response.
